The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) is the most comprehensive worldwide observational epidemiological study to date.
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Maritza Castillo Alfonso
The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) is the most comprehensive worldwide observational epidemiological study to date. It describes the mortality and morbidity from major diseases, injuries, and risk factors to health at global, national, and regional levels. It shows the changing health challenges facing people across the world in the 21st century. Lancet 2016
DALYs are an indicator of health status and mean disability-adjusted life year. It is a health gap measure and now it is used in the burden of diseases. DALY’s are the sum of years lost due to premature death (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs). According to The World Bank, 2001, DALY is also defined as years of life lost.
The society that has more premature death, illness, and disability have more DALYs per person in the population than a society that is healthier and has less premature death, illness, and disability.
The burden of disease considers health, social, political, environmental, and economic factors to determine the cost that the disease and disability exert upon the individual and society.
In 1990 the Harvard School of Public Health and the World Bank and the World Health Organization developed the concept of Burden of disease to describe death and loss of health due to diseases, injuries, and risk factors for all regions of the world. Disease burden is the impact of a health problem as measured by financial cost, mortality, and morbidity, or other indicators. It is open quantified in terms of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) or disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).
According to Skolnik the economies of low-income countries will need to grow, they need to invest in improving people’s health and wellbeing. As he said the impact of economic development on health will depend partly on the extent to which economic growth is equitable across population groups. It will also depend on the extent to which countries are able or choose-to use their increased income to invest in other areas such as water, sanitation, hygiene, food security, and education.
The Belmont Report summarizes ethical principles and guidelines for research involving human subjects. Three core principles. Are identified: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. One of the example writing by Skolnik that best show how those ethical principles are violated is that one by a research team was conducting a study of malaria in villages in West Africa. When the doctors working for the study diagnosed in children with severe malaria, and they would provide treatment free of charge. However, those children in the study sometimes had other medical problems that need attention, such as diarrheal diseases, parasitic infections or pneumonia, some doctors wanted to treat these conditions, however other members of the team
Were worried that their budget would not cover the extra costs for such treatment. In any case, they said the purpose of the study was to learn about malaria, not to provide clinical care. As Kolnick says the failure to respect human rights is often associated with harm to human health.
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